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Glyco-functionalised quantum dots and their progress in cancer diagnosis and treatment

Jayshree Ashree, Qi Wang, Yimin Chao

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 365-377 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1863-7

摘要： Despite all major breakthroughs in recent years of research, we are still unsuccessful to effectively diagnose and treat cancer that has express and metastasizes. Thus, the development of a novel approach for cancer detection and treatment is crucial. Recent progress in Glyconanotechnology has allowed the use of glycans and lectins as bio-functional molecules for many biological and biomedical applications. With the known advantages of quantum dots (QDs) and versatility of carbohydrates and lectins, Glyco-functionalised QD is a new prospect in constructing biomedical imaging platform for cancer behaviour study as well as treatment. In this review, we aim to describe the current utilisation of Glyco-functionalised QDs as well as their future prospective to interpret and confront cancer.

关键词： carbohydrate leptin glyco-functionalised QD bioimaging cancer diagnosis and treatment

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Molecular classification of non-small-cell lung cancer: diagnosis, individualized treatment, and prognosis

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第2期页码 157-171 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0272-4

摘要：

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of premature death among the malignant diseases worldwide. The current staging criteria do not fully capture the complexity of this disease. Molecular biology techniques, particularly gene expression microarrays, proteomics, and next-generation sequencing, have recently been developed to facilitate effectively its molecular classification. The underlying etiology, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prognosis of NSCLC based on an improved molecular classification scheme may promote individualized treatment and improve clinical outcomes. This review focuses on the molecular classification of NSCLC based on gene expression microarray technology reported during the past decade, as well as their applications for improving the diagnosis, staging and treatment of NSCLC, including the discovery of prognostic markers or potential therapeutic targets. We highlight some of the recent studies that may refine the identification of NSCLC subtypes using novel techniques such as epigenetics, proteomics, or deep sequencing.

关键词： non-small-cell lung cancer molecular typing individualized medicine molecular-targeted therapy gene expression profiling

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Biosensor-based assay of exosome biomarker for early diagnosis of cancer

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 157-175 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0884-z

摘要： Cancer imposes a severe threat to people’s health and lives, thus pressing a huge medical and economic burden on individuals and communities. Therefore, early diagnosis of cancer is indispensable in the timely prevention and effective treatment for patients. Exosome has recently become an attractive cancer biomarker in noninvasive early diagnosis because of the unique physiology and pathology functions, which reflects remarkable information regarding the cancer microenvironment, and plays an important role in the occurrence and evolution of cancer. Meanwhile, biosensors have gained great attention for the detection of exosomes due to their superior properties, such as convenient operation, real-time readout, high sensitivity, and remarkable specificity, suggesting promising biomedical applications in the early diagnosis of cancer. In this review, the latest advances of biosensors regarding the assay of exosomes were summarized, and the superiorities of exosomes as markers for the early diagnosis of cancer were evaluated. Moreover, the recent challenges and further opportunities of developing effective biosensors for the early diagnosis of cancer were discussed.

关键词： biosensor exosome cancer diagnosis

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Exploring the diagnosis markers for gallbladder cancer based on clinical data

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 350-355 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0402-2

摘要：

Presently, no effective markers are available to facilitate gallbladder cancer (GBC) diagnosis. This study aims to explore available markers for GBC diagnosis. Clinical data of 144 GBC and 116 cholelithiasis patients were retrospectively reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate GBC risk factors. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnosis value of the risk factors. By comparing the characteristic of GBC and cholelithiasis patients, the following factors exhibited statistical difference: age, gender, gallstones, total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), platelet count (PLT), CA125 (carcinoembryonic antigen 125), and CA199 (carbohydrate antigen 199). Logistic regression analysis indicated that age [odds ratio (OR), 1.032; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.004 to 1.061; P = 0.024], gender (OR, 0.346; 95% CI, 0.167 to 0.716; P = 0.004), gallstones (OR, 0.027; 95% CI, 0.007 to 0.095; P<0.001), ALP (OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 1.000 to 1.006; P = 0.032), TB (OR, 1.004; 95% CI, 1.000 to 1.009; P = 0.042), and CA125 (OR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.002 to 1.013; P = 0.011) were independent risk factors for GBC. According to the ROC curve, CA125 [area under curve (AUC), 0.720], ALP (AUC, 0.713), TB (AUC, 0.636), and age (AUC, 0.573) were valuable diagnosis markers. Additionally, based on the independent risk factors, the GBC diagnosis model was established. Age, TB, ALP, and CA125 can be used as auxiliary diagnosis factors of GBC. The diagnosis model provides a quantitative tool for GBC diagnosis when comprehensively considering various risk factors.

关键词： marker gallbladder cancer diagnosis

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罗军：Treatment Selection in Prostate Cancer（2019年8月16日）

2021年04月22日

关键词：医学

Utilizing big data to build personalized technology and system of diagnosis and treatment in traditional

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 272-278 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0364-9

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Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion with immune type

Qi-De LIN, Li-Hua QIU

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 275-279 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0101-y

摘要： Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestation, is difficult to treat in the clinical setting. It affects 1%–5% of women of reproductive age. In the investigations of immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of RSA since the late 1980s, it was found that RSA was associated with abnormal maternal local or systemic immune response. The pathogenesis of autoimmune RSA was mainly associated with antiphospholipid antibody (APA), while that of alloimmune RSA was due to the disturbance of maternofetal immunological tolerance. Systemic etiological screening process and diagnosis systems of RSA with immune type were developed, and anticardiolipin (ACL or ACA) + anti-β2-GP1 antibody combining multiple assays for effective diagnosis of RSA with autoimmune type was first established. According to the dynamic monitoring of clinical parameters before and during gestation, low-dose, short-course, and individual immunosuppressive therapy and lymphocyte immunotherapy for RSA with immune type were carried out. The outcomes of the offsprings of patients with RSA were followed up, and the safety and validity of the therapies were confirmed. The research achievement leads to great progress in the diagnosis and treatment of RSA in China.

关键词： spontaneous abortion recurrent autoimmune alloimmune pathogenesis diagnosis immunotherapy

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Developments in cancer prevention and treatment using traditional Chinese medicine

Hongsheng Lin, Jie Liu, Ying Zhang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 127-133 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0137-7

摘要： Through the joint efforts of several generations of practitioners in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and integrated medicine of oncology, we have made some achievements in cancer treatment using TCM in over 50 years, including treatment concepts, methods, and basic and clinical research. Currently, TCM plays an indispensable role in cancer prevention and treatment. However, we also clearly recognize that there are some issues that have yet to be resolved. In the future, cancer treated with TCM will face unprecedented opportunities and challenges. This article reviews the developments of TCM in the treatment of cancer.

关键词： traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cancer

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Treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with driver mutations: current applications and future

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 18-42 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0976-4

摘要： With the improved understanding of driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), expanding the targeted therapeutic options improved the survival and safety. However, responses to these agents are commonly temporary and incomplete. Moreover, even patients with the same oncogenic driver gene can respond diversely to the same agent. Furthermore, the therapeutic role of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in oncogene-driven NSCLC remains unclear. Therefore, this review aimed to classify the management of NSCLC with driver mutations based on the gene subtype, concomitant mutation, and dynamic alternation. Then, we provide an overview of the resistant mechanism of target therapy occurring in targeted alternations (“target-dependent resistance”) and in the parallel and downstream pathways (“target-independent resistance”). Thirdly, we discuss the effectiveness of ICIs for NSCLC with driver mutations and the combined therapeutic approaches that might reverse the immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment. Finally, we listed the emerging treatment strategies for the new oncogenic alternations, and proposed the perspective of NSCLC with driver mutations. This review will guide clinicians to design tailored treatments for NSCLC with driver mutations.

关键词： non-small cell lung cancer driver mutations treatment strategy resistant mechanism immune-checkpoint inhibitors

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Plasma for cancer treatment: How can RONS penetrate through the cell membrane?

Annemie Bogaerts, Maksudbek Yusupov, Jamoliddin Razzokov, Jonas Van der Paal

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 253-263 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1786-8

摘要： Plasma is gaining increasing interest for cancer treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Using computer simulations at the molecular level, we try to gain better insight in how plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can penetrate through the cell membrane. Specifically, we compare the permeability of various (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) RONS across both oxidized and non-oxidized cell membranes. We also study pore formation, and how it is hampered by higher concentrations of cholesterol in the cell membrane, and we illustrate the much higher permeability of H O through aquaporin channels. Both mechanisms may explain the selective cytotoxic effect of plasma towards cancer cells. Finally, we also discuss the synergistic effect of plasma-induced oxidation and electric fields towards pore formation.

关键词： plasma medicine cancer treatment computer modelling cell membrane reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

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Design and evaluation of a novel biopsy needle with hemostatic function

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0738-7

摘要： Biopsy is a method commonly used for early cancer diagnosis. However, bleeding complications of widely available biopsy are risky for patients. Safer biopsy will result in a more accurate cancer diagnosis and a decrease in the risk of complications. In this article, we propose a novel biopsy needle that can reduce bleeding during biopsy procedures and achieve stable hemostasis. The proposed biopsy needle features a compact structure and can be operated easily by left and right hands. A predictive model for puncture force and tip deflection based on coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method is developed. Experimental results show that the biopsy needle can smoothly deliver the gelatin sponge hemostatic plug into the tissue. Although the hemostatic plug bends, the overall delivery process is stable, and the hemostatic plug retains in the tissue without being affected by the withdrawal of the needle. Further experiments indicate that the specimens are well obtained and evenly distributed in the groove of the outer needle without scattering. Our proposed design of biopsy needle possesses strong ability of hemostasis, tissue cutting, and tissue retention. The CEL model accurately predicts the peak of puncture force and produces close estimation of the insertion force at the postpuncture stage and tip position.

关键词： cancer diagnosis biopsy needle hemostatic function predictive model coupled Eulerian−Lagrangian

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继发性中晚期腹腔妊娠诊断和治疗 ——附一例病例报道

申颖,戴姝艳

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第6期页码 61-64

摘要：

目的：探讨继发性中晚期腹腔妊娠的诊断以及治疗方案。方法：回顾性地分析和总结我院收治的1例继发性中晚期腹腔妊娠的诊断及治疗方案。结果：该病例经磁共振成像（MRI）检查明确诊断，同时成功予以手术治疗。结论：继发性中晚期腹腔妊娠非常罕见，临床症状不典型，早期诊断较困难，MRI是一种有效的诊断方法，手术是最重要的治疗方式。

关键词：腹腔妊娠诊断治疗磁共振成像

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纳米技术和纳米医学——肺癌诊断和治疗的希望之路 Review

尹伟, 潘峰, 朱俊杰, 徐军武, Diego Gonzalez-Rivas, Meinoshin Okumura, 唐志勇, 杨洋

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第11期页码 1577-1585 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.04.017

摘要：

肺癌是全球最常见的癌症，五年总生存率非常低。肺癌的常规诊断和治疗策略具有内在局限性，这就推动了纳米技术和纳米医学方法的发展，以提高早期诊断率并开发更有效、更安全的肺癌治疗方案。癌症纳米医学旨在根据每个患者独特的生理和病理特征（在基因组和蛋白质组水平上）来制定药物递送、诊断和治疗方案，在该领域引起广泛关注。尽管纳米医学技术在肺癌的科学研究中获得成功应用，但由于对纳米技术与生物学之间的相互作用知之甚少，以及毒理学、药理学、免疫学和纳米颗粒的大规模制造等方面的挑战，使得纳米医学方法的临床转化仍然具有挑战性。在本文中，我们强调了用于肺癌治疗的纳米医学的发展和机遇，并展望了该领域的前景，以及讨论了其在临床转化中面临的挑战。

关键词：纳米医学肺癌诊断，治疗

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Complex interplay between tumor microenvironment and cancer therapy

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 426-439 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0663-7

摘要：

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of cellular and non-cellular components that exist within and around the tumor mass. The TME is highly dynamic and its importance in different stages of cancer progression has been well recognized. A growing body of evidence suggests that TME also plays pivotal roles in cancer treatment responses. TME is significantly remodeled upon cancer therapies, and such change either enhances the responses or induces drug resistance. Given the importance of TME in tumor progression and therapy resistance, strategies that remodel TME to improve therapeutic responses are under developing. In this review, we provide an overview of the essential components in TME and the remodeling of TME in response to anti-cancer treatments. We also summarize the strategies that aim to enhance therapeutic efficacy by modulating TME.

关键词： tumor microenvironment therapy response treatment resistance

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Clinical phenotype network: the underlying mechanism for personalized diagnosis and treatment of traditional

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 337-346 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0349-8

摘要：

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) investigates the clinical diagnosis and treatment regularities in a typical schema of personalized medicine, which means that individualized patients with same diseases would obtain distinct diagnosis and optimal treatment from different TCM physicians. This principle has been recognized and adhered by TCM clinical practitioners for thousands of years. However, the underlying mechanisms of TCM personalized medicine are not fully investigated so far and remained unknown. This paper discusses framework of TCM personalized medicine in classic literatures and in real-world clinical settings, and investigates the underlying mechanisms of TCM personalized medicine from the perspectives of network medicine. Based on 246 well-designed outpatient records on insomnia, by evaluating the personal biases of manifestation observation and preferences of herb prescriptions, we noted significant similarities between each herb prescriptions and symptom similarities between each encounters. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of TCM personalized medicine, we constructed a clinical phenotype network (CPN), in which the clinical phenotype entities like symptoms and diagnoses are presented as nodes and the correlation between these entities as links. This CPN is used to investigate the promiscuous boundary of syndromes and the co-occurrence of symptoms. The small-world topological characteristics are noted in the CPN with high clustering structures, which provide insight on the rationality of TCM personalized diagnosis and treatment. The investigation on this network would help us to gain understanding on the underlying mechanism of TCM personalized medicine and would propose a new perspective for the refinement of the TCM individualized clinical skills.

关键词： personalized medicine complex network clinical phenotype network traditional Chinese medicine